Issued in may 2012, the who global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors gpirm is a plan of action for all stakeholders engaged in the fight against malaria. Insecticide resistance poses a serious threat to current malaria control. Request pdf insecticide resistance the most significant recent advances in our knowledge of insecticide resistance in insect pests of stored products have been in the molecular. Established in 1984, the insecticide resistance action committee irac is an international association of crop. Consequences of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on the potential. Pesticide resistance can build up in the pest population when a change in the genetic characteristic of the pest population is inherited from one generation to the next. Section 1 covers different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected economically important plant insect pests, whereas section 2 includes chapters about the importance, development and insecticide resistance management in controlling malaria vectors.
Current status of insecticide resistance in florida. Monitor treated pest populations for resistance development. Jul 15, 2019 the wetlands used for some agricultural activities constitute productive breeding sites for many mosquito species. In contrast to these expectations based on entomological observations, implementation of vector control tools itns andor irs has significantly decreased malaria incidence and parasite infection prevalence in children in multiple endemic countries across africa equatorial guinea, burundi, ivory. This information in the main malaria vector, anopheles funestus sensu stricto, is completely lacking in the most populous country in africa, nigeria. Abstract this monograph was written with the aim of covering all that is known to date on insecticide resistance in those arthropods that affect man and animals, including unpublished material communicated to the world health organization expert committee on. Insecticide resistance management for malaria vector control programmes. This study reports the insecticide susceptibility status and the molecular basis.
The wetlands used for some agricultural activities constitute productive breeding sites for many mosquito species. Vector control is a very important part of the global strategy for management of mosquitoassociated diseases, and insecticide application is the most important component in this effort. Our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying resistance to commonly used insecticides is well established. Although the impact of insecticide resistance on the efficacy of vector control operations remains broadly unknown, it is of. According to the world malaria report 2015, 60 countries have reported resistance to at least one of the four insecticide classes used in longlasting insecticidal nets llins and indoor residual spraying irs since 2010. The purpose of this study is to clarify some knowledge gaps on the role of agrochemicals in the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed. Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Evidence of a multiple insecticide resistance in the malaria. Insecticide resistance or changes in insecticide susceptibility have been documented occasionally in r.
Thus, the agricultural use of insecticide targeting other pests may select for insecticide resistance in malaria mosquitoes. Rotate the use of mustang insecticide or other group 3a insecticides within a growing season, or among growing seasons, with different groups that control the same pests. Ir mapper, launched in 2012, is a tool used to view results from standardized insecticide resistance tests who susceptibility tests and cdc bottle assays on anopheles species collected from sites throughout the world. Jan 06, 2016 the development of insecticide resistance is a dynamic and complex process, depending directly on genetic, physiological, behavioral and ecological factors of the arthropod pests, and depending indirectly on operational factors including categories of insecticides used as well as the application timing, rate, coverage and method 8,9. Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance. The technical basis for coordinated action against insecticide. Knowing the extent and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is vital to successfully manage insecticide resistance in africa. Computer simulation as a tool for pesticide resistance. Modelling insecticide resistance action committee irac. Insecticide resistance in six major urban insect pests. Monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in aedes mosquito. Insecticide resistance results from very strong, persistent directional selection.
Metabolic resistance is the most common mechanism and often presents the greatest challenge. Offspring of fieldcollected insects may need to be reared in the laboratory to have enough insects for the dosemortality test. Insecticide resistance insecticide resistance can be. Insecticideresistant malaria vectors must be tackled the. The complex interaction between lethal, sublethal and excitationrepellent excitorepellent properties of chemicals is typically overlooked in vector management and control programs. Molecular biology of insecticide resistance sciencedirect. Here, we report a previously unknown mechanism of insecticide resistance. Physiological resistance and behavioral responses of mosquito vectors to insecticides are critical aspects of the chemicalbased disease control equation. Insecticide resistance and management strategies in urban.
Irac is prolonging the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides and traits by implementing insecticide resistance management strategies, countering the development of resistance in the three core sectors of traditional crop protection, plant biotechnology and public health. However, mosquitoborne diseases are now resurgent, largely. The use of agrochemicals in vegetable production could influence the selection for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Insecticide resistance in arthropods jama jama network. Read product label before applying any insecticide and follow label directions. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. By itscll, this mechanism confers low levels less than 5 loiclrrrresistance ancl only becomes important. Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of.
The purpose of this study is to clarify some knowledge gaps on the role of agrochemicals in the development of insecticide. Report suspected cases of insecticide resistant soybean aphids to a localregional extension educator or extension entomologist see contact information on back. Pdf an overview of insecticide resistance researchgate. Section 1 covers different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected. Insecticide resistance the journal of agricultural. The last decade has witnessed significant changes in both the philosophy and methods used for. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Pdf insecticide resistance poses a serious threat to current malaria control efforts. May 29, 2012 development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as alteration of drug target sites, upregulation of degrading enzymes, and enhancement of drug excretion. Insecticide resistance testing at a mosquito control program.
In contrast to these expectations based on entomological observations, implementation of vector control tools itns andor irs has significantly decreased malaria incidence and parasite infection prevalence in children in multiple endemic countries across africa. Genetic and biological influences in the evolution of. Appropriate resistance management strategies should be followed. Insecticide resistance is an increasing problem in many insect vectors of disease. Pesticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. Insecticide resistance in culex quinquefasciatus from. In the last few years, genes conferring resistance to pyrethroid insecticides have been.
Insecticide resistance is a long standing and expanding problem for pest arthropod control. Scope the irac classification is intended to cover all materials, chemical, biological or other, that are. Pesticide resistance virginia mosquito control association. The test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring provides procedures and operational standards for detecting the presence of ir in adult malaria mosquitoes. Who implications of insecticide resistance for malaria. Pdf an overview of insecticide resistance john vontas. Insecticide resistance is a fundamental threat to global urban pest management 11. Evidence of insecticide resistance selection in wild. This book contains 20 chapters, which are divided into 5 sections.
Mosquitoborne diseases, the most well known of which is malaria, are among the leading causes of human deaths worldwide. This study reports the insecticide susceptibility status and the molecular basis of resistance of an. Resistance may develop to only a single insecticide. Altered targetsite resistance insecticide resistance detection techniques the mode of action of the insecticides, duration life cycle, clutch size and availability of host determine rate of evolution of resistance. Although the impact of insecticide resistance on the efficacy of vector control operations remains. The effects of dominance, initial gene frequency, refugia, immigration, and reproductive potential were studied singly with a deterministic model. This second edition, released in 2016, outlines new test procedures which allow for the measurement of the intensity of ir and one of the main metabolic mechanisms that drives it. Publication insecticide and miticide resistance management. Guideline for evaluating insecticide resistance in vectors using the cdc bottle bioassay. Insecticide resistance is both an interesting example of the adaptability of insect pests, and, in the design of resistance management programmes, a useful application of evolutionary biology. Pesticide resistance in field populations of storedproduct insects can be determined by exposing insects to a series of doses of a residual insecticide and recording the mortality of insects at each dose. In 2016, the mapper was expanded to include insecticide resistance data on aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus. Author summary arthropodborne viruses transmitted by aedes aegypti and ae.
Insecticide resistance poses a serious threat to current malaria control efforts. Sep 27, 2002 insecticide resistance is one of the most widespread genetic changes caused by human activity, but we still understand little about the origins and spread of resistant alleles in global populations of insects. One way to answer this questions is to look at past events and identify trends that may. Apr 14, 2020 the use of agrochemicals in vegetable production could influence the selection for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. Jun 19, 2016 insecticide resistance insecticide resistance can be. Development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as alteration of drug target sites, upregulation of degrading enzymes, and enhancement of drug excretion. Insecticide resistance is an overall reduction in the ability of an insecticide to kill mosquitoes. Current status of insecticide resistance in florida populations of asian citrus psyllid and emerging management strategies lukasz l. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Guidelin for evaluating insecticide resistance in vectors. Stelinski 1, philip stansly 2, jawwad qureshi 3, and michael rogers 1 university of florida, entomology and nematology department, crec 1, swrec 2, irec 3.
The insecticidal treatments exerted on both species have selected for various resistance mechanisms within wild populations. Download the pdf to view the article, as well as its associated figures and tables. However, mosquitoborne diseases are now resurgent, largely because of the insecticide. The first paper documenting insecticide resistance was published 100 years ago and involved lime sulfur and the san jose scale. Levels of insecticide resistance to deltamethrin, malathion, and temephos, and associated mechanisms in aedes aegypti mosquitoes from the guadeloupe and saint martin islands french west indies. Increased or frequent use of pesticides often hastens.
Pest susceptibility is a valuable natural resource that has been squandered. Insecticide resistance see, for definitions has been a major factor influencing insect control and pest management for more than half a century. To reduce the potential for developing insect resistance, rotate to an insecticide with a different mode of action. The two major forms of biochemical resistance are targetsite resistance, which occurs when the insecticide no longer binds to its target, and detoxification.
Insecticide resistance describes the ability of strains of insects to survive normally lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations. Discrepancy between entomological and epidemiological studies on insecticideresistance impact. Crossresistance is different from multiple resistance, which occurs when insects develop resistance to several compounds by expressing multiple resistance mechanisms. Insecticide resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. To delay insecticide resistance, take the following steps. One of the most common questions asked of insecticide resistance researchers is how long will it take for insecticide resistance to occur. Management of insecticide resistance in the major aedes. Temediated changes in regulation can lead to massive and rapid changes in expression, responses that are potentially highly adaptive when an organism is faced with a major, pervasive, and novel mortality agent in the environment, like an insecticide. The insecticide resistance action committee irac was formed in 1984 to provide a coordinated crop protection industry response to either prevent or delay the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. Irac is prolonging the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides and traits by implementing insecticide resistance management strategies, countering the development of resistance in the three core sectors of traditional crop. Evolution of insecticide resistance, measured by the frequency of a resistant allele and by population size, was simulated on a computer. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bioefficacy and persistence of insecticides on treated surfaces.
Pesticide resistance in arthropods richard roush springer. Nov 22, 2016 knowing the extent and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is vital to successfully manage insecticide resistance in africa. The document provides comprehensive technical recommendations to manage insecticide resistance in different situations. We will tell you upfront, however, that there is no universal solution to the problem of pesticide resistance, partly because so little is actually understood about the complex interactions involved. Repeated and exclusive use of coragen chlorantraniliprole, belonging to the anthranilic diamide class of chemistry, or other group 28 insecticide may lead to the buildup of resistant strains of insects in some crops.
For resistance management, coragen is a group 28 insecticide. This means that, when used as directed, a product no longer works, or only partially works. Insecticide resistance and its management in mealybugs. Mode of action moa initiative national institute of food. Insecticide resistance mechanisms pesticide environmental. Here, via microarray analysis of all p450s in drosophila melanogaster, we show that ddtr, a gene conferring resistance to ddt, is associated with overtranscription of a single. Pdf insecticide resistance and its management in mealybugs. Insecticide resistance is defined by the insecticide resistance action committee irac as a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species. Insect resistance to the synthetic insecticide ddt was documented in 1947 and since that time, key pest organisms have been found with resistance to new insecticides within 2. Resistant insects may detoxify or destroy the toxin faster than susceptible insects, or prevent the toxin from reaching target sites by binding it to proteins in their bodies.
One way to answer this questions is to look at past events and identify trends that may repeat. Effective insecticide resistance management irm is essential if the utility of current and future insecticides is to be preserved. The anopheles gambiae genome will enable identification of new resistance genes and will provide new molecular targets for the design of more effective insecticides. A detailed study of the nature and mode of inheritance of dieldrinresistance in a strain of anopheles gambiae from the western sokoto region of northern nigeria, and of ddtresistance in a strain. Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bioefficacy and persistence of insecticide on treated surfaces, geneva, world health organization, 1998. A preliminary analysis on the effect of copper on anopheles. However, this is unlikely in this setting given the effectiveness of the current drugs used for elimination 15. Anr publication 8033 insecticide and miticide resistance management in san joaquin valley cotton for 2001 2 figure 1.
Resistance mechanisms insecticide resistance mechanisms as opposed to insecticide avoidance behaviors important in the control of malaria vectors have a biochemical basis figure 1. Insecticide resistance is a worldwide problem in green peach aphid devonshire et al. Before assuming resistance, try to rule out other potential causes for an insecticide failure such as incorrect rate or application method, or unfavorable environmental conditions. Molecular techniques have recently allowed us to start and dissect most of these mechanisms at the dna level. Evidence of a multiple insecticide resistance in the. However, it is more common for insects that exhibit resistance to one insecticide to be resistant or develop resistance more rapidly to other insecticides with the same moa. Download the paper as a pdf file what is insecticide resistance modelling and who uses it. Discrepancy between entomological and epidemiological studies on insecticide resistance impact. Documenting the dynamics of resistance plays another important role in the approach of its mitigation. In the guadeloupe and saint martin islands, aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the only recognized vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses. The biochemicalphysiological mechanisms of resistance can be categorized as target site insensitivity, increased metabolic detoxification and sequestration or. When a pest becomes resistant, the insecticide is used more frequently and the insecticide must ultimately. Management of insecticideresistant soybean aphids publications. Pdf insecticide resistance in insects researchgate.